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A HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY by Frederick Copleston, S.J.
A HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME
From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus
VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
From Augustine to Duns Scotus
VOLUME III: LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
Ockham, Francis Bacon, and the Beginning of the Modern World
VOLUME VII
VOLUME IV: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From Descartes to Leibniz
Modern Philosophy: From
the Post-Kantian Idealists
to Marx, Kierkegaard, and
Nietzsche
VOLUME V: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume
VOLUME VI: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the French Enlightenment to Kant
VOLUME VII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche
VOLUME VIII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Empiricism, Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America
VOLUME IX: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss
Frederick Copleston, S.J.
~,
==
IMAGE BOOKS
DOUBLEDAY
New York London Toronto Sydney Auckland
CONTENTS
PREFACE
Pag'
ix
AN IMAGE BOOK
PUBLISHED BY DOUBLEDAY
a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036
PART
I
POST-KANTIAN IDEALIST SYSTEMS
1.
INTRODUCTION
Preliminary remarks-Kant's philosophy and idealist meta-
physics--The meaning of idealism, its insistence on system and
its confidence in the power and scope of philosophy-The
idealists and theology-The romantic movement and German
idealism-The difficulty in fulfilling the idealist programme-
The anthropomorphic element in German idealism-Idealist
philosophies of man.
I
IMAGE, DOUBLEDAY, and the portrayal of a deer drinking from a stream are
trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell
Publishing Group, Inc.
First Image Books edition of Volume VII of
A History ofPhilosophy
published
1965 by special arrangement with The Newman Press and Burns
&
Oates, Ltd.
This Image edition published March 1994.
II.
FICHTE (I)
Life and writings--On looking for the fundamental principle of
philosophy; the choice between idealism and dogmatism-The
pure ego and intellectual intuition-Comments on the theory
of the pure ego; phenomenology of consciousness and idealist
metaphysics-The three fundamental principles of philosophy
-Explanatory comments on Fichte's dialectical method-The
theory of science and formal logic-The general idea of the two
deductions of consciousness--The theoretical deduction-The
practical deduction-Comments on Fichte's deduction of
consciousness.
32
De
Licentia Superiomm Ordinis:
John Cobentry, S.J., Praep. Provo Angliae
Nihil Obstat:
T. Gornall, S.J., Censor Deputatus
Imprimatur:
Franciscus, Archiepiscopus Birmingamiensis Birmingamiae die 26a
Julii 1962
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Copleston, Frederick Charles.
A history of philosophy.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: v.!. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-
v. 7. From the post-Kantian idealists to Marx,
Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche-v. 8. Empiricism, idealism,
and pragmatism in Britain and America-v. 9. From the
French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.
1. Philosophy-History.
I.
Title.
B72.C62 1993
III.
FICHTE (2)
Introductory remarks--The common moral consciousness and
the science of ethics-Man's moral nature-The supreme
principle of morality and the formal condition of the morality of
actions-Conscience as an unerring guide-The philosophical
application of the formal moral law-The idea of moral vocation
and Fichte's general vision of reality-A community of selves
in a world as a condition of self-consciousness-The principle or
rule of right-The deduction and nature of the State-The
closed commercial State-Fichte and nationalism.
59
190
92-34997
IV.
FICHTE
(3)
Fichte's early ideas on religion-God in the first version of the
theory of science-The charge of atheism and Fichte's reply-
The infinite Will in
The
Vocation of Man-The
development of
the philosophy of Being.
I80I-5-The
Doctrine of Religion-
Later writings--Explanatory and critical comments on Fichte's
philosophy of Being.
ISBN 0-385-47044-4
Volume VII copyright © 1963 by Frederick Copleston
All Rights Reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
V.
SCHELLING (I)
Life and writings--The successive phases in Schelling's thought
-Early writings and the influence of Fichte.
v
94
vi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
vii
Chapter
Page
Chapter
Page
XIV. SCHOPENHAUER
(2)
VI. SCHELLING (2)
10
5
277
The possibility and metaphysical grounds of a philosophy of
Aesthetic contemplation as a temporary escape from the
slavery of the Will-The particular fine arts-Virtue and
Nature-The general outlines of Schelling's philosophy of
renunciation: the way of salvation-Schopenhauer and meta-
Nature-The system of transcendental idealism-The philo-
sophy of art-The Absolute as identity.
physical idealism-The general influence of Schopenhjluer-
Notes on Eduard von Hartmann's development of Schopen-
VII. SCHELLING
(3)
126
hauer's philosophy.
The idea of the cosmic Fall-Personality and freedom in man
XV. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM
(1)
.
and God; good and evil-The distinction between .negative and
positive philosophy-Mythology and.
~ev.elatJon-General
293
Introductory remarks-Feuerbach and the transformation of
remarks on Schelling-Notes on Schelling s mfluence and on
theology into anthropology-Ruge's criticism of the Hegelian
some kindred thinkers.
attitude to history-Stirner's philosophy of the ego.
VIII. SCHLEIERMACHER
149
XVI. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM
(2)
3
0
5
Life and writings-The basic
reli~ious
e?,perience and. its
Introductory remarks-The lives and writings of Marx and
interpretation-The moral and religIOUS life of man-Fmal
Engels and the development of their thought-Materialism-
remarks.
Dialectical materialism-The materialist conception of history
-Comments on the thought of Marx and Engels.
IX. HEGEL
(x)
159
to Fichte and Schelling-The life of the Absolute and the
XVII. KIERKEGAARD
335
Introductory remarks-Life and writings-The individual and
nature of philosophy-The phenomenology of consciousness.
the crowd-The dialectic of the stages and truth as subjectivity
X. HEGEL
(2)
x89
-The idea of existence-The concept of dread-The influence
of Kierkegaard.
The logic of Hegel-The ontological status of the .Idea or
Absolute in itself and the transition to Nature-The phllosophy
of Nature-The Absolute as Spirit: subjective Spirit-The
concept of right-Morality-The family and civil society-The
PART III
State-Explanatory comments on Hegel's idea of political
LATER CURRENTS OF THOUGHT
philosophy-The function of war-Philosophy of history-
Some comments on Hegel's philosophy of history.
XVIII.
NON-DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM
352
Introductory remarks-The first phase of the materialist
XI. HEGEL
(3)
226
movement-Lange's criticism of materialism-Haeckel's
monism-Ostwald's energeticism-Empirio-criticism con-
The sphere of absolute
Spirit-T~e
philosophy of.
~rt-The
sidered as an attempt to overcome the opposition between
philosophy of religion-:-The relation J;>etween
re~lglOn
and
materialism and idealism.
philosophy-Hegel's philosophy
.o~ ~he
history of.phllos?phy-
The influence of Hegel and the diVISion between nght-wmg and
left-wing Hegelians.
XIX. THE NEO-KANTIAN MOVEMENT
3
61
Introductory remarks-The Marburg School-The School of
Baden-The pragmatist tendency-E, Cassirer; concluding
observations-Some notes on Dilthey.
PART
II
THE REACTION AGAINST METAPHYSICAL IDEALISM
XX.
THE REVIVAL OF METAPHYSICS
374
XII.
EARLIER OPPONENTS AND CRITICS
248
Remarks on inductive metaphysics-Fechner's inductive
metaphysics-The teleological idealism of Lotze-Wundt and
Fries and his disciples-The realism of Herbart-Beneke and
the relation between science and philosophy-The vitalism of
psychology as the fundamental science-The logic of Bolzano-
Driesch-Eucken's activism-Appropriation of the past:
Weisse and
I.
H. Fichte as critics of Hegel.
Trendelenburg and Greek thought; the revival of Thomism.
XIII.
SCHOPENHAUER
(x)
261
XXI. NIETZSCHE
(x)
390
Life and writings-Schopenhauer's .doctorate dissertation-
Life and writings-The phases of Nietzsche's thought:as
The world as Idea-The biological function of concepts and the
'masks'-Nietzsche's early writings and the critique of con-
possibility of metaphysics-Th.e world a.s
~he manifestati?~
of
temporary culture-The critique of morals-Atheism and its
the Will to live-Metaphysical pessimism-Some cntlcal
consequences.
comments.
Life and writings-Early theological writings-Hegel's relations
viii
CONTENTS
Chapter
XXII.
NIETZSCHE (2)
Pags
4
0
7
The hypothesis of the Will to Power-The Will to Power as
manifested in knowledge; Nietzsche's view of truth-The Will
to Power in Nature and man-Superman and the order of rank
-'The theory of the eternal recurrence-Comments on
Nietzsche's philosophy.
PREFACE
As Volume VI of this
History oj Philosophy
ended with Kant, the
natural procedure was to open the present volume with a discussion
of post-Kantian German idealism. I might then have turned to the
philosophy of the first part of the nineteenth century in France and
Great Britain. But on reflection it seemed to me that nineteenth-
century German philosophy could reasonably be treated on its own,
and that this would confer on the volume a greater unity than
would otherwise be possible. And in point of fact the only non-
German-speaking philosopher considered in the book is Kierke-
gaard, who wrote in Danish.
The volume has been entitled
Fichte to Nietzsche,
as Nietzsche
is the last world-famous philosopher who is considered at any
length.
It
might indeed have been called
Fickte to Heidegger.
For
not only have a good many philosophers been mentioned who were
chronologically posterior to Nietzsche, but also in the last chapter
a glance has been taken at German philosophy in the first half of
the twentieth century. But I decided that" to call the volume
Fichte to Heidegger
would tend to mislead prospective readers. For
it would suggest that twentieth-century philosophers such as
Hussed, N. Hartmann, Jaspers and Heidegger are treated, so to
speak, for their own sake, in the same way as Fichte, Schelling and
Hegel, whereas in fact they are discussed briefly as illustrating
different ideas of the nature and scope of philosophy.
In the present work there are one or two variations from the
pattern generally followed in preceding volumes. The introductory
chapter deals only with the idealist movement, and it has therefore
been placed within Part I, not before it. And though in the final
chapter there are some retrospective reflections, there is also, as
already indicated, a preview of thought in the first half of the
twentieth century. Hence I have called this chapter 'Retrospect
and Prospect' rather than 'Concluding Review'. Apart from the
reasons given in the text for referring to twentieth-century thought
there is the reason that I do not propose to include within this
History
any full-scale treatment of the philosophy of. the present
century. At the same time I did not wish to end the volume
abruptly without any reference at all to later developments. The
result is, of course, that one lays oneself open to the comment that
ix
XXIII.
RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
421
Some questions arising out of nineteenth-century German
philosophy-The positivist answer-The philosophy of
existence-The rise of phenomenology; Brentano, Meinong,
Husserl, the widespread use of phenomenological analysis-
Return to ontology; N. Hartmann-The metaphysics of
Being; Heidegger, the Thomists-Concluding reflections.
ApPENDIX: A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY
443
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zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl jajeczko.pev.pl
A HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY by Frederick Copleston, S.J.
A HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME
From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus
VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
From Augustine to Duns Scotus
VOLUME III: LATE MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
Ockham, Francis Bacon, and the Beginning of the Modern World
VOLUME VII
VOLUME IV: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From Descartes to Leibniz
Modern Philosophy: From
the Post-Kantian Idealists
to Marx, Kierkegaard, and
Nietzsche
VOLUME V: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
The British Philosophers from Hobbes to Hume
VOLUME VI: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the French Enlightenment to Kant
VOLUME VII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche
VOLUME VIII: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Empiricism, Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America
VOLUME IX: MODERN PHILOSOPHY
From the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss
Frederick Copleston, S.J.
~,
==
IMAGE BOOKS
DOUBLEDAY
New York London Toronto Sydney Auckland
CONTENTS
PREFACE
Pag'
ix
AN IMAGE BOOK
PUBLISHED BY DOUBLEDAY
a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.
1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036
PART
I
POST-KANTIAN IDEALIST SYSTEMS
1.
INTRODUCTION
Preliminary remarks-Kant's philosophy and idealist meta-
physics--The meaning of idealism, its insistence on system and
its confidence in the power and scope of philosophy-The
idealists and theology-The romantic movement and German
idealism-The difficulty in fulfilling the idealist programme-
The anthropomorphic element in German idealism-Idealist
philosophies of man.
I
IMAGE, DOUBLEDAY, and the portrayal of a deer drinking from a stream are
trademarks of Doubleday, a division of Bantam Doubleday Dell
Publishing Group, Inc.
First Image Books edition of Volume VII of
A History ofPhilosophy
published
1965 by special arrangement with The Newman Press and Burns
&
Oates, Ltd.
This Image edition published March 1994.
II.
FICHTE (I)
Life and writings--On looking for the fundamental principle of
philosophy; the choice between idealism and dogmatism-The
pure ego and intellectual intuition-Comments on the theory
of the pure ego; phenomenology of consciousness and idealist
metaphysics-The three fundamental principles of philosophy
-Explanatory comments on Fichte's dialectical method-The
theory of science and formal logic-The general idea of the two
deductions of consciousness--The theoretical deduction-The
practical deduction-Comments on Fichte's deduction of
consciousness.
32
De
Licentia Superiomm Ordinis:
John Cobentry, S.J., Praep. Provo Angliae
Nihil Obstat:
T. Gornall, S.J., Censor Deputatus
Imprimatur:
Franciscus, Archiepiscopus Birmingamiensis Birmingamiae die 26a
Julii 1962
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Copleston, Frederick Charles.
A history of philosophy.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: v.!. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-
v. 7. From the post-Kantian idealists to Marx,
Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche-v. 8. Empiricism, idealism,
and pragmatism in Britain and America-v. 9. From the
French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.
1. Philosophy-History.
I.
Title.
B72.C62 1993
III.
FICHTE (2)
Introductory remarks--The common moral consciousness and
the science of ethics-Man's moral nature-The supreme
principle of morality and the formal condition of the morality of
actions-Conscience as an unerring guide-The philosophical
application of the formal moral law-The idea of moral vocation
and Fichte's general vision of reality-A community of selves
in a world as a condition of self-consciousness-The principle or
rule of right-The deduction and nature of the State-The
closed commercial State-Fichte and nationalism.
59
190
92-34997
IV.
FICHTE
(3)
Fichte's early ideas on religion-God in the first version of the
theory of science-The charge of atheism and Fichte's reply-
The infinite Will in
The
Vocation of Man-The
development of
the philosophy of Being.
I80I-5-The
Doctrine of Religion-
Later writings--Explanatory and critical comments on Fichte's
philosophy of Being.
ISBN 0-385-47044-4
Volume VII copyright © 1963 by Frederick Copleston
All Rights Reserved
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
V.
SCHELLING (I)
Life and writings--The successive phases in Schelling's thought
-Early writings and the influence of Fichte.
v
94
vi
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
vii
Chapter
Page
Chapter
Page
XIV. SCHOPENHAUER
(2)
VI. SCHELLING (2)
10
5
277
The possibility and metaphysical grounds of a philosophy of
Aesthetic contemplation as a temporary escape from the
slavery of the Will-The particular fine arts-Virtue and
Nature-The general outlines of Schelling's philosophy of
renunciation: the way of salvation-Schopenhauer and meta-
Nature-The system of transcendental idealism-The philo-
sophy of art-The Absolute as identity.
physical idealism-The general influence of Schopenhjluer-
Notes on Eduard von Hartmann's development of Schopen-
VII. SCHELLING
(3)
126
hauer's philosophy.
The idea of the cosmic Fall-Personality and freedom in man
XV. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM
(1)
.
and God; good and evil-The distinction between .negative and
positive philosophy-Mythology and.
~ev.elatJon-General
293
Introductory remarks-Feuerbach and the transformation of
remarks on Schelling-Notes on Schelling s mfluence and on
theology into anthropology-Ruge's criticism of the Hegelian
some kindred thinkers.
attitude to history-Stirner's philosophy of the ego.
VIII. SCHLEIERMACHER
149
XVI. THE TRANSFORMATION OF IDEALISM
(2)
3
0
5
Life and writings-The basic
reli~ious
e?,perience and. its
Introductory remarks-The lives and writings of Marx and
interpretation-The moral and religIOUS life of man-Fmal
Engels and the development of their thought-Materialism-
remarks.
Dialectical materialism-The materialist conception of history
-Comments on the thought of Marx and Engels.
IX. HEGEL
(x)
159
to Fichte and Schelling-The life of the Absolute and the
XVII. KIERKEGAARD
335
Introductory remarks-Life and writings-The individual and
nature of philosophy-The phenomenology of consciousness.
the crowd-The dialectic of the stages and truth as subjectivity
X. HEGEL
(2)
x89
-The idea of existence-The concept of dread-The influence
of Kierkegaard.
The logic of Hegel-The ontological status of the .Idea or
Absolute in itself and the transition to Nature-The phllosophy
of Nature-The Absolute as Spirit: subjective Spirit-The
concept of right-Morality-The family and civil society-The
PART III
State-Explanatory comments on Hegel's idea of political
LATER CURRENTS OF THOUGHT
philosophy-The function of war-Philosophy of history-
Some comments on Hegel's philosophy of history.
XVIII.
NON-DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM
352
Introductory remarks-The first phase of the materialist
XI. HEGEL
(3)
226
movement-Lange's criticism of materialism-Haeckel's
monism-Ostwald's energeticism-Empirio-criticism con-
The sphere of absolute
Spirit-T~e
philosophy of.
~rt-The
sidered as an attempt to overcome the opposition between
philosophy of religion-:-The relation J;>etween
re~lglOn
and
materialism and idealism.
philosophy-Hegel's philosophy
.o~ ~he
history of.phllos?phy-
The influence of Hegel and the diVISion between nght-wmg and
left-wing Hegelians.
XIX. THE NEO-KANTIAN MOVEMENT
3
61
Introductory remarks-The Marburg School-The School of
Baden-The pragmatist tendency-E, Cassirer; concluding
observations-Some notes on Dilthey.
PART
II
THE REACTION AGAINST METAPHYSICAL IDEALISM
XX.
THE REVIVAL OF METAPHYSICS
374
XII.
EARLIER OPPONENTS AND CRITICS
248
Remarks on inductive metaphysics-Fechner's inductive
metaphysics-The teleological idealism of Lotze-Wundt and
Fries and his disciples-The realism of Herbart-Beneke and
the relation between science and philosophy-The vitalism of
psychology as the fundamental science-The logic of Bolzano-
Driesch-Eucken's activism-Appropriation of the past:
Weisse and
I.
H. Fichte as critics of Hegel.
Trendelenburg and Greek thought; the revival of Thomism.
XIII.
SCHOPENHAUER
(x)
261
XXI. NIETZSCHE
(x)
390
Life and writings-Schopenhauer's .doctorate dissertation-
Life and writings-The phases of Nietzsche's thought:as
The world as Idea-The biological function of concepts and the
'masks'-Nietzsche's early writings and the critique of con-
possibility of metaphysics-Th.e world a.s
~he manifestati?~
of
temporary culture-The critique of morals-Atheism and its
the Will to live-Metaphysical pessimism-Some cntlcal
consequences.
comments.
Life and writings-Early theological writings-Hegel's relations
viii
CONTENTS
Chapter
XXII.
NIETZSCHE (2)
Pags
4
0
7
The hypothesis of the Will to Power-The Will to Power as
manifested in knowledge; Nietzsche's view of truth-The Will
to Power in Nature and man-Superman and the order of rank
-'The theory of the eternal recurrence-Comments on
Nietzsche's philosophy.
PREFACE
As Volume VI of this
History oj Philosophy
ended with Kant, the
natural procedure was to open the present volume with a discussion
of post-Kantian German idealism. I might then have turned to the
philosophy of the first part of the nineteenth century in France and
Great Britain. But on reflection it seemed to me that nineteenth-
century German philosophy could reasonably be treated on its own,
and that this would confer on the volume a greater unity than
would otherwise be possible. And in point of fact the only non-
German-speaking philosopher considered in the book is Kierke-
gaard, who wrote in Danish.
The volume has been entitled
Fichte to Nietzsche,
as Nietzsche
is the last world-famous philosopher who is considered at any
length.
It
might indeed have been called
Fickte to Heidegger.
For
not only have a good many philosophers been mentioned who were
chronologically posterior to Nietzsche, but also in the last chapter
a glance has been taken at German philosophy in the first half of
the twentieth century. But I decided that" to call the volume
Fichte to Heidegger
would tend to mislead prospective readers. For
it would suggest that twentieth-century philosophers such as
Hussed, N. Hartmann, Jaspers and Heidegger are treated, so to
speak, for their own sake, in the same way as Fichte, Schelling and
Hegel, whereas in fact they are discussed briefly as illustrating
different ideas of the nature and scope of philosophy.
In the present work there are one or two variations from the
pattern generally followed in preceding volumes. The introductory
chapter deals only with the idealist movement, and it has therefore
been placed within Part I, not before it. And though in the final
chapter there are some retrospective reflections, there is also, as
already indicated, a preview of thought in the first half of the
twentieth century. Hence I have called this chapter 'Retrospect
and Prospect' rather than 'Concluding Review'. Apart from the
reasons given in the text for referring to twentieth-century thought
there is the reason that I do not propose to include within this
History
any full-scale treatment of the philosophy of. the present
century. At the same time I did not wish to end the volume
abruptly without any reference at all to later developments. The
result is, of course, that one lays oneself open to the comment that
ix
XXIII.
RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
421
Some questions arising out of nineteenth-century German
philosophy-The positivist answer-The philosophy of
existence-The rise of phenomenology; Brentano, Meinong,
Husserl, the widespread use of phenomenological analysis-
Return to ontology; N. Hartmann-The metaphysics of
Being; Heidegger, the Thomists-Concluding reflections.
ApPENDIX: A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY
443
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]